Saturday, July 4, 2009

Lensatic Compass & Components

A Lensatic Compass is still primary function of taking accurate bearings for land navigation. The military use the functions of this compass to help direct Artillery & Mortar fire due to it accurate bearings though it sighting wires.

There three major components on a Lensatic Compass:

The Cover: Protects the compass rose dial. It contains the compass sighting wires and luminous sighting dots for night-time navigation.

The Base: Is where all movable parts of the compass reside. The floating dial rotates indicating direction each time the compass maintains a level position.

On the floating dial there are the Bearing figures on the edge of the dial depict the directions east (E) and west (W). Within the center lies the directional arrow. This always points in the direction of north (N). East falls at 90° and west at 270°. There are also two scales. The outer scale denotes miles and the inner scale denotes degrees. The inner scale indicator is in red color.

A bezel ring is also inside the compass base. This ratchet device will turn 120 clicks on a full rotation. Each individual click represents 3°. A short incandescent line works with the north-directional arrow in navigation.
This line lies in the glass face of the bezel ring. The floating dial contains a fixed black index line as well. The final component of the base is a thumb loop. This simply attaches to the base as a handling mechanism.

The Lens: This is what reads the floating dial. A rear-sight slot works with the front sight wires in the cover helps with Navigation and to locate objects.
In addition, this slot protects the compass when in the closed position. This works by a lock and clamp system. The rear-sight mechanism must remain open at a minimum of 45° in order for the compass floating dial to work.

This is the compass I use as I think it is a more accurate and it gives you more information like miles and degrees on the same compass. It looks like a harder compass to learn but most people, I know use this compass as it is more fun to use.

Targhee National Forest Will Amplify Your Senses

How will Targhee National Forest amplify your senses? If you are used to vacationing in popular areas where there are too many people, you will quickly understand how.

You may be used to seeing blinding neon lights and headlights, smelling car exhaust and stagnant air, hearing discordant music competing with loud, obnoxious, riotous people, all of which are purposefully meant to disorient, distract, and desensitize you to your surroundings, shutting down your senses due to overload, preventing you from experiencing anything with joy or clarity.

What if you could explore an area where your mind explodes from the sheer delight of everything that you experience? Like the overwhelming smell of pine sap mingled with damp moss. Or, your ears thrum from hearing a gazillion bird songs mingling together, competing with the breeze that make the aspen's leaves rattle together. Or, the feel of a cool wind that is perfectly touched with moisture, refreshing you. Or being able to actually see more stars than the sky can hold because they aren't competing with the city's lights?

I know there are grunches of locations on the planet where you can enjoy such sensations, but I am awed by the splendor of Targhee National Forest in Idaho, neighbor to Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming.

As an Idahoan by birth and living in the southeast part of the state, West Yellowstone was always tantalizingly accessible. As Yellowstone grew in popularity and crowds increased, I longed for a place that offered more intimacy to its surroundings and escape the commercialism that is consummate with crowds.

In all its subtlety and grandeur, Targhee National Forest, often overshadowed by Island Park's renown, became the escape that would remove me from the populous and immerse me into pristine wilderness.

What is the easiest way to get to Targhee National Forest, and by far the most beautiful route? Instead of traveling Highway 20 North from Ashton to Island Park, take a right into Ashton and follow Highway 47, the Mesa Falls Scenic Byway. This scenic loop takes travelers through vast meadows and farm fields, emerging them into canyons where rivers escape, and introduces them to the western edge of Targhee National Forest.

There are some notable highlights you shouldn't miss when exploring Targhee National Forest. I will attempt to list a few. Six miles northeast of Ashton, you will pass a sign indicating Cave Falls 19 miles to the east. Only venture here when summer is well under way. It is often snowed in until June and the road is mostly dirt and gravel. However, this area is a great home base to camp rustically, get off the beaten trail, and explore Targhee National Forest in depth.

One popular question most sportsman have is where can you fish at Targhee National Forest? You will pass clear rivers and creeks from where you can fish. The fishing guidelines that apply to Henry's Fork apply to all the rivers and creeks in this area. A popular location for families with youngsters is to fish off the bridge where Warm River and Robinson Creek meet. Anywhere along these creeks and adjoining rivers is a great place to fish for various types of trout.

Targhee National Forest is a quiet haven for recreationalists of all kinds. If you have motorized means of transportation aside from your vehicles, and are itching to find a trail to bust out on, you can park at the Bear Gulch Trailhead (1 mile north of Warm River, on the west side of the road). Bear Gulch has a large parking area, ideal if you are hauling a trailer full of ATVs. It is a great stopping point if you want to hike around the area. It offers picnic tables and restrooms as well.

At the north end of the Bear Gulch parking lot, you will notice a little trail that tunnels under the highway. Follow this trail for 1/4th of a mile, and you will come to the Rail Road Tunnel. Though the tunnel is blocked due to a collapse a few years ago, you can continue on the trail around the tunnel, heading north. This stretch of trail allows use of dirt bikes, four wheelers of modest size, mountain bikes, or you can just hike the 38 mile long Rail Road Trail and dive deeper into Targhee National Forest.

However, if you park at Bear Gulch and want to loop back south to the Warm River Campground, no motorized transportation is allowed (a gate at the end prevents you from entering the campground should you choose to break this rule). Once you get your fill of trail riding and trail finding, continue on north for more surprises. Targhee National Forest is most visited because of its Mesa Falls.

You will be delighted to find the less visited Lower Mesa Falls where you can easily find a place to park and walk a short distance to the handicap accessible overlook. You will be surprised at how far up the mountain you have traveled as you peer down towards the falls. Bring binoculars or a camera with a zoom feature as this will give you a great detailed perspective of the rushing water and the canyon below.

Up river towards the summit is the acclaimed but little known Upper Mesa Falls. It was once a treacherous place to visit because the steep hillside sloped precariously down to the river and falls, but now is a safe, enjoyable place to get a great view of the falls. A complete boardwalk with several overlooks helps photographers and tourists alike get a fabulous perspective of the tumbling water, the green canyon walls, and downriver. The entrance fee is $5.00 per vehicle, well worth the safe passage to view the spectacular, untamed falls.

Highway 20 continues on through Targhee National Forest and eventually meets up again onto highway 20. Before you rush to Island Park or to West Yellowstone, take time to explore the dirt roads off the main Highway 47. You will find Warm River Springs, where Warm River originates, and many other sites that will surprise you, help you feel a little victorious for discovering these hidden sites, and help you escape the crowds found further north.

For insider secrets of the trade, and to discover firsthand how to save bundles of cash when you are traveling, click on the link below to grab your free report and I will show you how to make that happen.

Matthew Hales,
International Travel Expert

http://www.TravelTopside.com



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Walking and Cooking in the Tuscan Hills

For breathtaking walks in the Tuscany region head to the historic centre of San Marcello. History buffs will enjoy strolling through the town's historic centre, which contains buildings such as the Consortium T'Delizia and The Observatory from where it is possible to view the star-clad skies of the region. Another important monument that you may want to visit on your walks in Italy is the Mammiano Suspension Bridge. Brave walkers may even wish to attempt to cross the rope clad bridge, which joins the two banks of the Lima River.

The Lima River is bordered by verdant woods, which offer a number of opportunities for tourists on their walking holidays in Italy. It is not only possible to spend a day horse-riding or mountain-biking in the thick forest, but you can also arrange excursions kayaking and even paragliding in this area.

Located nearby to San Marcello is the scenic town of Gavinana, a popular spot for walks in Italy. The town is the site of a former 16th century fortified castle and still retains much of its medieval architecture. On your walking holiday in Italy spend a day exploring this town, which has an equestrian monument in memory of its local hero Francesco Ferrucci, at its very centre.

All this walking is bound to make you hungry so head back to your hotel in order to learn some Tuscany cooking skills that you will astound your friends with at your next dinner party. Tuscan cookery is typically very home orientated with many casserole based dishes containing cannellini and borlotti beans all, of course, with a generous splash of olive oil. Roast suckling pig and wild boar are also two typical Tuscan dishes that you may find yourself cooking whilst on your walking holiday in Italy. The Tuscan chefs are particularly passionate about the food which they cook and will happily give you hints and make sure that you cook the best possible dish on your walking holiday in Italy.

Walking in Italy's cultural capital of Florence is a great way to burn off the calories, so spend the next day on your walking holiday in Italy visiting the many art galleries and monuments of the region. Unmissable is the Accademia which houses Michelangelo's David and the Uffizi Gallery containing works by Botticelli and other giants of the Italian Renaissance. It is possible to spend a whole day in Italy's premier art gallery, but the city has many incredible sights to visit including the Duomo (Cathedral) and the Ponte Vecchio.

You'll need to take a great wine home in order to complement the Tuscan cookery skills that you have picked on your walking holiday in Italy. So before the end of your holiday head into the Chianti region between Florence and Siena and spend a day sampling the local produce. After all you don't want to spoil all the effort you've made on your Tuscan dinner party by offering your guests cheap wine.

Some Things to Think About If You Plan to Cycle in Europe on Your Next Vacation

The first thing you should ask yourself is how badly you need to use your own bike? There are business all over Europe that will rent you whatever kind of bicycle you want! This means you won't have to travel with your bike. Personally, I can't imagine taking my bike overseas. Assuming your bike makes it to Europe in one piece, you are going to have a hard time finding a rental car company that will rent you a car with a bike rack. Because the car rental suppliers usually won't have a rack, you will be forced to rent a larger vehicle, which is going to cost you. The difference you would pay for a van is usually more than the cost of a couple bicycle rentals, so keep this in mind when planning your trip.

Another thing to think about is where you want to go. If you are interested in biking in England, but you don't know where, do research! There are a plethora of cycle clubs all over the Europe, and they are always looking for people to join them!

Lastly, make sure you know the rules of the road. This may seem like common sense, but the rules can change quite drastically depending on what country you are in. There are no exceptions for not knowing proper safety protocol.

Whether you're trail riding in the Black Forrest, or racing through the French wine country, cycling can be a wonderful way to see the country side on your next European vacation.

Top Five Tips to Avoid Deer Tick Bites That Can Cause Lyme Disease

It's spring in New England and New York, the leaves are finally out, the songbirds are back, people are out walking in the mornings and the garden shops and farmer's markets are open again. But along with the beauty of spring comes a danger that keeps many people from walking the trails, and should give others pause. Deer ticks, the common carrier of borrelia bacteria which causes Lyme disease, abound in May and June in the Northeast, and now is the most common time for bites from infected nymph stage ticks because of their small size. I once had Lyme disease, which took nearly a year to recover from. I consider myself lucky not to have ongoing symptoms like my neighbor suffers with. Every time I step outside I consider the risk of getting a tick bite. But it doesn't stop me from going out, it just makes me more cautious, and has inspired me to try out different methods for prevention.

Prevention is the best method. Here are my top five tips to prevent deer tick bites, based on what has worked for me. The vigilant use of these methods seems to have effectively eliminated tick bites for myself and my family.

1) Garlic. I take garlic in the morning during tick season. I even use a powdered form for my horse and the number of ticks I find on him has decreased significantly. I used to find several ticks per day, and now I find several per week. For me, I find that fresh garlic works best. I make a dressing in the morning out of yogurt, lemon juice, 1 clove fresh garlic and salt, and put it on my scrambled eggs. If I have to meet with clients in the morning and am worried about the garlic smell, I take Kyolic aged garlic capsules instead. I also read once that garlic breath is caused by 'missing' some of the garlic when you brush, so after eating it I floss, brush and use a tongue scraper to get the smell out.

2) Cats and Dogs. Studies show pet owners are more at risk for tick bites and contracting infectious tick borne diseases. As soon as my cat comes back with his first tick of the spring, I move him outdoors, since he is extremely unhappy being locked indoors all summer. I know it sounds a bit harsh, but I can't risk my family's health for my cat's comfort. I have a vestibule where he can come in for shelter from the wind and rain, and I put food and water out and a bed. I have not found any full-proof way of keeping ticks off of him. Even the harsh chemicals that keep ticks from actually biting him, don't stop him from carrying a tick on the end of his hair and dropping it in the house.

3) Use the Dryer: When I come back from a walk, I strip and put my clothes immediately into the dryer on high heat for a full cycle. Studies have shown that ticks can survive washing but that high heat drying will kill them. While this is definitely not a eco-friendly choice, I haven't yet found an alternative.

4) Repellents: During tick season I use a combination of various products. I am very concerned about the adverse health effects of using DEET or other chemically-based repellents, so have been experimenting with alternatives to find the most effective. If I will be headed outdoors for the day, I use soybean oil after my morning shower as an allover body moisturizer that also helps deter insect bites. Certain essential oils are very effective against ticks and studies show that catnip, rose geranium, and lemon eucalyptus oil are very effective against both ticks and mosquitoes. I sometimes make my own formulas, but since last fall have started using Buzz Away Extreme, which has worked well. Just be aware that while it repels mosquitoes for up to 8 hours, it needs to be reapplied after 2.5 hours for ticks. If headed into the deep woods, I will also spray my shoes, socks, pant legs, hat and hair.

5) Guinea hens. Guinea hens are the best thing I've found for keeping our yard clear of ticks. I know everyone can't do this, so I've listed it last. If you live in a rural area, get guinea hens. Since our hens grew up, our tick population has decreased significantly. Our hens roam free, eat ticks and other insects all day, and take care of themselves. The drawback is that they are a bit noisy, so don't get them if you aren't used to the sounds of farm animals.

In addition you should do a thorough tick check every night. Check behind ears, back of head and neck, armpits and groin area. Set up a full length mirror in the bathroom, provide bright lighting and check your backside.

Captivating Journeys Are What Luxury Trains in India Offer

Luxury trains in India take tourism to the next level. After all, guests coming from all the over world can surely take delight in exploring the country from an altogether new perspective. The various trains in this genre take guests on pleasure holiday, across the various destinations. While some of them have been designed to take guests across north India, some others take guests on a luxury sojourn across the southern part of the country. One of the options that come to mind at the very mention of a luxury train journey in India is that of the Golden Chariot. Not just the name, it actually is a golden chariot that carries its passengers on a trail across the heritages sites of the place, seated atop a luxury chair.

The heritage sites of South India are very different to those found in the other parts of the country. Mostly belonging to the medieval era, these destinations enable one to comprehend the societies and ways of living of the people of those times. These places take one across a fascinating journey and almost transform one to that era. Yes! Some of the most spectacular destinations of Karnataka including Hampi and Bangalore can also be explored onboard this train. However, what is the highlight of this trip is perhaps the blend, the mix of ideas and tastes that have been incorporated in a single journey of this luxury train in India.

With this article let us talk about the essence of all the 3 distinct trips, aboard the Golden Chariot.

Well, firstly the train is a joint venture of the Ministry of Railways and the State Government of Karnataka. Therefore utmost importance has been given to the overall package of the tour, thereby giving equal weight age to the tastes of the heritage, culture, history as well as wildlife lovers. Therefore where on one hand the trips take one across Bangalore and Mysore (heritage sites), it also takes one through the alleys of Kabini and Bandipur (wildlife sites) and also through Hassan and Hampi (culture sites). Moreover, it also takes one to Goa - the Paradise of India, especially for guests looking forward to beach holidays.

Secondly, the 3 trips have been designed in a way to enable guests to explore the first and the last junction of the tour, in a better manner. Therefore while 2 trips begin in Bangalore, one of them begins and ends in Goa. In this way guests can comfortably stay behind in these places and discover the facets that were left behind as a part of the itinerary of the luxury train. Or better still gauge the spirit of the place before embarking on the luxury journey.

Thirdly and importantly, the Golden Chariot offers guests - dining, conferencing as well as recreational facilities in order to offer them a complete package. No wonder, it is increasingly becoming one of the most fondly opted for luxury trains in India

Backpacking Water Filters - Keep Hydrated

A good backpacking water filter will help ensure that you have a safe wilderness excursion and protect you from parasites, bacteria and possibly even viruses. A wilderness expert would tell you never to drink untreated water no matter where it's coming from. Many times beautiful mountain water or clear streams are contaminated with dead animals or other pollutants and can cause you to become very ill. There are two different options for treating your water... a water filter, or iodine.

Most typical backpacking water filters will treat about a quart of water per minute. In the beginning they are very effective, however the more they are used, the more sediment will clog the filters. It is important to bring back-up filters with you to ensure that they are continually working at their best. It is also a good thing to look for a water filter that contains a pre-filter. This pre-filter is used to remove larger floating particles and will extend the life of your filter. Be sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions to make sure you are using the filter properly and that it is working efficiently.

If you don't want to carry along filters, another option for treating the water is iodine tablets or crystals. The advantage of these is that they take up practically no room in your backpack and they are extremely light weight. Though they are convenient and easy to use, many wilderness experts question how well they work to eliminate the dangers of parasites. Again be sure to follow the treatment instructions on the bottle if you choose to use the iodine.

Some of the top rated backpack water filters that you may want to explore are:

• Crystal Quest Mfg. Water Filters

• MSR Miniworks

• Exstream MacKenzie

• Katadyn Guide

• Katadyn Hiker

• McNett Aqua Mira

Backpacking water filers are essential for any wilderness excursion where bringing bottled water is not an option. Read reviews and watch for durability, price, filter replacement and effectiveness. The bottom line is to make sure you are protected and that your backpack is not too much heavier. Shop and compare online and find the best filter that will fit your needs.

Glacier National Park - The Ideal Vacation Place

Wild and majestic, the Glacier National Park is a vast preserve that overwhelms visitors and beckons them with its stunning mountain peaks - many of which are covered with glaciers for the whole year round.

The Glacier Park is considered by many to be a wild gem in the Rocky Mountains in Montana by the Canadian border. The glacier park is renowned for its abundant wildlife and fabulous scenery. The verdant glacier trails attract hikers from all around the world and the sheer diversity of its animal and plant life is truly a walk in paradise.

History of Glacier National Park

Glacier National Park is named after the slow-moving glaciers that shape breathtaking valleys throughout this beautiful region of nearly 1 million acres.

The Glacier National owes its existence to the persistent efforts of George Bird Grinnell, co-founder of the Audubon Society and 19-century magazine publisher. He lobbied hard for a park to be developed in the St. Mary's region of Montana and in the month of May 1910, his efforts for a park were rewarded. Some 20 years later, the glacier park along with its neighbor from the north, Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada became Glacier-Waterton International Peace Park, a gesture of friendship and goodwill between the two countries.

Beautiful scenery and wildlife

Glacier N. P. is a place full of wonder and magic and is often referred to as 'The Crown of the Continent'. It is easily one of the most spectacular areas in the United States.

The mountain horns, arêtes, cirques, moraines and hanging valleys, all carved meticulously by ancient glaciers are a sharp contrast to the huge area of land below. Equally fascinating as the present day scenery of the G. N. P., is its geographical history.

The ideal vacation place

Glacier Park is known for its breathtaking delicate scenery and pristine air. The Park weather offers families a wonderful opportunity for an unforgettable and special vacation. The glacier weather can be wonderfully enjoyed by taking an adventure trail along the Going to the Sun Road that offers an unrivalled view of the majestic mountain scenery.

Glacier National Park offers unparalleled majestic scenery and the chance to see a full line-up of wildlife. The glacier park has spectacular alpine scenery that can be understood only when one stands in the middle of the green trees aside crystal clear water.

Anyone who has visited the Glacier National Park will unquestionably tell you that it is one of the most overwhelming and magnificent national parks in the United States.

Simply put, it is impossible to not fall in love with Glacier National Park.

Did you know?

An interesting fact that most people are not aware about Glacier Park is that the grizzly bear is the unofficial mascot in this area.

Visit the Glacier National Park now!

With more than a million acres of wildlife, pristine scenery and adventure, it is the ideal vacation destination, which is impossible to forget and hard to leave. For any reason you are still in doubt about the beauty of the Park, please free to check the glacier webcam. We are sure after you view the beauty of the park through the glacier webcam, you will definitely change your mind!

Long Path Trail - 347 Miles of Hiking Through the Wilderness

Long Path is a 347 mile-hiking trail that spans through New Jersey and New York. The path runs through Harriman State Park, the Hudson River Valley, the New Jersey Palisades, the Catskills, and the Minnewaska State Preserve. If you are an experienced long-distance hiker, the path does allow for a complete through trip although it may prove to be difficult in some areas such as Orange County. The trail is more commonly used for day trips or short overnight trips starting and ending at various points on the trail.

The Path

Starting in Fort Lee, on the New Jersey side of the George Washington Bridge, the path spans north to John Boyd Thacher Park near Albany. Long Path is marked with light blue trail markers that tend to lean towards aqua or teal.

Picking the trail up in the Catskills or in Harriman State Park is ideal if you would like to hike off road. During our review of Long Path, we started our hike off of US 6 Westbound a few miles west of the Bear Mountain Bridge. There is a sign on US 6 for Long Path that directs you into a small parking lot where you can park your car and unload your gear.

After leaving the parking area, the path takes you up on a moderate climb up Long Mountain. At the top you are greeted with some breathtaking views of the Hudson River and the Hudson River Valley. The top of the hill is dedicated to Raymond H. Torrey, a hiker who was instrumental in the creation of the trail.

Difficulty

Long Path ranges from moderate to strenuous in difficulty, although Long Mountain off of US 6 is more moderate than strenuous. Hiking during the winter months tends to be more difficult due to the small patches of ice on the trail. The trail is mostly cleared and at points even lined with logs. Compared to other stretches of Long Path, the section by US 6 is rather mild in difficulty.

For pictures, more content and other articles please visit us here.

Chase Scott

http://www.tristatetravels.com

A traveler's guide to the Tri-State.



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Walking the Ancient Lycian Way

The ancient Lycian way starts in the Mediterranean resort of Kas which is known for its rocky coastline and unpolluted waters. On your Turkey walking holiday you will find the beaches of this region perfect for relaxing before you begin your walk along the Lycian trail. However, historically the city offers much more than perfect sandy beaches for sunbathing. Here you can join a glass-bottomed boat tour to the ancient sunken cities around Kekova Island where the secrets of ancient civilisations lurk out of reach. Not so out of reach are the ancient archaeological sites of Myra, Demre and the Xanthe Valley which give you the opportunity to walk around Turkey's ancient past. Myra was the capital of the Lycian Empire and whilst visiting here on your Turkey walking holiday you will spot many ancient tombs cut into the rock face above the old amphitheatre.

The old amphitheater was the largest in the Empire and is notable for the theatrical masks that decorate the stonework. On your Turkey walking holiday you will also come across the church of St. Nicholas and although his body was taken to be buried in Italy, the site still contains his sarcophagus and is therefore a popular pilgrimage destination with many pilgrims taking the walk to Turkey's third most important Byzantine Monument.

Leaving Kas your walking holiday in Turkey will take you through rocky coastlines and ancient forests to the town of Finike. Now a popular yachting destination, Finike is the perfect blend of old and new. A modern marina sits alongside the ancient city of Limyra and the wreck of a Phoenician Merchant Ship dated from 1200 BC. The town is best known for its oranges and sea turtles, with the former being the town's emblem and the latter facing grave extinction.

Although Finike may be popular with the older tourists, the town of Kemer is popular with the young due largely to the tourist infrastructure of the region. The town has a vibrant nightlife with many bars, nightclubs and restaurants. Kemer was formerly the Lycian town of Idyrios, and whilst on your walking holiday in Turkey you can visit a number of notable historical sites. Of all these sites the most fascinating is the Ancient Greek phenomena of Chimaera, a mysterious site on the rocky outcrop of the Cragus Mountains where the rock mysteriously shoots flames with no apparent energy source.

The last stop on your Turkey walking holiday around the Lycian trail is the resort town of Antalya. Now the capital of the Antalya Province the site has a number of historic sites including Hadrian's Gate and the Kesik Minare. However the numerous sandy beaches of the region provide the perfect place to relax and take in all the incredible sites that you have visited on your Turkey walking holiday.

Hunt a Special Treasure in the Outer Banks - Go Letterboxing

When one thinks of the Outer Banks as a potential vacation destination, the possibilities may seem endless. Between trips to the beach, landmarks like the Whalehead Club and the Currituck Lighthouse, and sightseeing for wild mustangs, one would expect a full itinerary. Yet, if the family is up for a bit of adventure, you may want to consider another activity that not only takes you to some of the most beautiful areas of the North Carolina shore, but is practically free. This summer, why not go "letterboxing"?

What is Letterboxing?

Letterboxing is an outdoor game of sorts - a treasure hunt that may involve deciphering clues and a bit of orienteering to reach the goal. The "treasure" in question is usually a box (most times plastic and water-tight) containing a rubber stamp, maybe some stickers or other small items for hunters to enjoy. The idea behind letterboxing is to find the box and enclosed stamp to imprint the design in a notebook. Hunters with personal rubber stamps acknowledge finding the "treasure" by stamping and signing a guestbook found in the box. The practice of letterboxing is similar to "geocaching" but does not necessarily require use of a GPS system to find boxes.

Who can go Letterboxing?

Letterboxing is a very family-friendly activity, a perfect way to spend a morning, especially when on vacation in the Outer Banks. You have the opportunity to come away with a unique souvenir of the area, and keeping a scrapbook of your stamps allows you to add pictures of the scenery to enhance the memories of your visit. Anybody with a yen for outdoor exploration and figuring out clues will enjoy this hobby.

Where to find Letterboxes

Enthusiasts may create and hide letterboxes in a variety of places: parks, attractions, beaches, and even urban areas. An Internet search for letterbox locations (Atlasquest and Letterboxing.org are two of the prime sites for collecting clues on whereabouts) will guide you to where you need to go.

In the Outer Banks area, for example, one may find special treasures on Knotts Island, in Coinjock near the famous Gravedigger attraction, and in Corolla, where several stamps celebrating the Wright Brothers' flight and Outer Banks horses are waiting for new discoverers. If you want exact locations, however, you'll have to try the aforementioned websites for clues.

The Rules of Letterboxing

Two things to know before you embark on a letterboxing adventure:

Be Discreet! Many boxes are hidden in high traffic area, especially in a region popular for tourists like the Outer Banks. It is advised when you find the box and collect your stamp, to return the box carefully and try not to attract too much attention. Boxes are sometimes at risk for being stolen and lost if not handled properly.

Secondly, have fun! Letterboxing provides a great opportunity to explore the beaches of Currituck and enjoy the companionship of fellow treasure hunters.

How to Keep Your Hiking Backpack Light

Hiking light is much more comfortable and enjoyable than hiking with a heavy backpack. Of course what is defined as light may not be light for another person. It also depends on the level of fitness and strength of the person carrying the backpack. Being fit does make your backpack feel lighter.

Choose gear that are lighter but perform the same function is the obvious solution. Or you can also choose gear that serves multiple functions.

So hiking light is about carry less equipment and lighter and smaller equipment. It's not about sacrificing essential gear for a lighter backpack.

Benefits of Lighter Load

When you carry a lighter load you feel more comfortable and happier in general. There's less stress on your shoulders, back and knees. A good backpack will distribute the weight to the different parts of the upper body and make the load feel lighter by reducing stress on the shoulders.

You can also move quicker and cover more miles in a day. In an emergency, you can move away to safety so much quicker without having to sacrifice your backpack.

Reducing Your Load

If you want to travel light by reducing the amount of gear you carry, it's better to do it in stages than to cut down to bare minimum in one go. Take note of the things that you don't need or can go without.

Take into account the weather too. You don't want to leave your raincoat on rainy day.

Five Ways to Keep Your Gear Light

1. Get rid of extra clothing, pots, boots, etc if you can. Usually one pot and one pair of boots is enough but during cold weather extra clothing may be essential.

2. If you're hiking with a partner or in a group you can share some equipment like tent, stove, cookware, first aid kit, insect repellent and more.

3. Use equipment made of lighter material. For example, use down sleeping bags instead of synthetics and use internal frame backpacks instead external frame backpacks. If available, use simple designs that functions well and minimizes weight.

4. Use equipment that can perform several functions. A poncho for example can be used as rain gear or rigged up as a tent.

5. Carry smaller portions of consumables such as sunscreen, soap, toothpaste and spices. Instead of using the original packaging, whenever possible pack in a small ziploc bag.

As a guideline, your backpack should be no heavier than 4.5 lbs, your 2 person tent should be no heavier than 5 lbs, solo tents tent no more than 2.5 lbs, your sleeping bag should be less than 2 lbs, hiking boots less than 2 lbs, rain gear less than 1.5 lbs and food no more than 2 lbs per day.

However, some hikers prefer to carry more equipment for convenience and ease of mind. It depends on how well you can go without extra equipment in return for a lighter backpack. Be sure that you reduce your load in stages so that you don't have any regrets on the field.

Hiking Clothing - The Three Layer System For Cold Weather

Beginner hikers sometimes overlook two simple facts about hiking clothing for warmth. First is that hiking clothing is not primarily designed to keep the cold out but to keep the heat in from the only source of heat i.e. yourself.

Second is that when you are wearing hiking clothing for warmth, you are not trying to be as warm as possible but to reach a thermal equilibrium i.e. a state in which your heat production roughly balances your heat loss so that you remain within your comfort zone whether you are on the move, on the move and sweating, sitting still and sitting still and sweating.

To achieve this thermal equilibrium under changing conditions your hiking clothing has to be versatile. Of course you can make adjustments to your hiking clothing by taking off layers when it gets too hot and putting more on when it gets cold but in most cases it's both inconvenient and impractical.

The hiking clothing you use needs to be able to handle all the different situations, whether on the move or sitting still, at the same time. They need to be able keep the still and dry air to insulate you, keeping you warm and when you're moving allow the vapor of your sweat to pass through and escape to keep you cool.

If your hiking clothing absorbs some of the moisture so that when you sweat heavily it remains damp, they lose the ability to keep you warm as it has lost its ability to hold dry air which acts as an insulating layer and at the same time your body will continue to draw latent heat from your body needed to turn the sweat into vapor.

The result is that you suffer from what is called the after-exercise chill. Experiments have shown that with an absorptive material the chill can last for about two hours but with a non-absorptive material like fibre-pile the chill is negligible.

The Three-Layer Hiking Clothing System

The ability to prevent after-exercise chill so well is what makes the three-layer hiking clothing system so popular. It's a proven way to ensure your comfort outdoors. Each of the three layers have different functions that work together to cope with the different conditions.

The First Layer

Moisture management is the main function of the first layer. Some experts call it the next-to-the skin layer. It keeps you cool in the summer and keeps you warm in winter by keeping you dry.

Made of some sort of polypropylene or other synthetic fabrics, the fabric 'wicks' away the moisture from the skin very rapidly by capillary action dispersing it to the outer surface where it can evaporate.

The Second Layer

The second layer or middle layer of hiking clothing is the insulating layer. Their main function is to trap air, which is a good heat insulator, so you retain warmth.

This layer is made of natural fibers or fleece. Both are reliable in keeping you warm but natural fibers have a more efficient warmth-to-weight ratio and are highly compressible. Its drawback is that it has to be kept dry to maintain its ability to retain warmth.

Hiking clothing made from fleece are lightweight, breathable and insulate even when wet. They also dry faster and the warmth-to-weight ratio is even higher than wool. Fleece is very popular with many experienced backpackers I know of even when it is not as compressible as natural fibers.

The Third Layer

The third layer is the waterproof shell that both acts as a windbreaker and a rain jacket. If the outer layer doesn't do what it's supposed you'll end up losing a lot of heat as the wind and penetrate into the inner layers.

It is usually made of Gore-Tex that also offers breathability. This layer of hiking clothing needs to have proper ventilation or else perspiration can't evaporate but instead condenses on the inside of your shell.

Backpack Design - The Three Types of Backpacks

Backpacks are generally categorized into three: frameless, external frame, and internal frame. The main purpose of a frame is to support the backpack and helps to distribute the weight across your whole body, mainly on the hips so that your shoulders are not bearing all the burden.

Frameless Backpacks

This is the simplest and most inexpensive type of backpack you can find. The most basic design consist of one main pocket and connected to a set of shoulder straps. They are more used for general stuff rather than hiking. However, some are suitable for outdoor activities like hiking. Some more advanced versions have a suspension system like waist strap, chest strap and padded shoulders.

External Frame Backpacks

This is an old favorite with backpackers because of its large capacity and strong frame. The frame is very rigid and it supports a sack made of cloth or other materials.

External frames allow for users to carry a heavier weight than a frameless pack could. It also gives the wearer more support and protection and better weight distribution. The frames have been made of wood until about the middle of the twentieth century.

This type of backpack is not very common today and the frames are now made of lightweight metal tubes, often aluminum and sometimes titanium or scandium. A system of straps and pads keep the sack and frame from contacting the body so you get reduced sweatiness.

It is normal practice to strap bulky items such as camping tents, sleeping bags and pads on the frame because some parts of the frame are not occupied by the pack. The main compartment is usually small compared to internal frame backpacks to allow for these bulky items to be strapped.

The problem with external frame backpacks is the center of gravity is very high up and away from the body resulting in instability. Keeping your balance especially when climbing up hills is not an easy task with external frame backpacks.

Users also complain of getting bruises as a result of the uncushioned frame rubbing or hitting against the body. However, external frame backpacks are very durable.

Internal Frame Backpacks

Invented in 1967 by Greg Lowe, the internal frame backpack has replaced external frame backpacks as the standard pack for hikers. Greg Lowe later went on to found Lowepro, a company specializing in backpacks and other carrying solutions for various equipment.

The frame which consists of strips of metal or plastic is integrated into the pack. A system of straps works with the frame to distribute the weight.

An internal frame backpack is fitted closely to the body and therefore the load is more easily controlled and easily predictable. You have more freedom of movement and are ideal for scrambling over rocky surfaces and hiking uphill. However, the close fit presents another problem; poor ventilation and therefore sweatier backs.

Unlike external frame backpacks, there are only a few (if any) lash points for your tent or sleeping bag and there is a limit to the size of whatever you want strapped to the outside of the pack. Fortunately, modern internal frame backpacks have a large capacity so that all of your gear can fit inside.

Camping Backpacks - How to Load Your Backpack Correctly

Yes, there is a correct way to load your backpack. Some people try to be more organized than others, but it is important to make every inch count.

Besides having a proper fit, the other key to a comfortable trip is the correct loading of your pack. Everyone has their own system of loading their pack, there are a few universal guidelines about weight and gravity.

A very well designed Camping Backpack will keep the load close to your center of gravity, making it easier for you to move, change directions, and do what you need to do. A properly loaded backpack is considerable more comfortable than an improperly packed one.

First, start by loosening all the packs compression straps, and all internal dividers. Then put your sleeping bag in the bottom. Some hikers prefer to put their sleeping bag into a stuff sack. We do suggest using a compression stuff sack to compress the sleeping bag to its smallest size possible.

Next, place your tent body and fly, folding into a square. It goes close to your back. Above the tent, but no higher than your shoulders, should be your heaviest items: food, fuel, water filter, etc.

Next on top of this, but away from your back, should be lighter items, like clothing. Use the side mesh pockets for water or fuel bottles, tent poles and fly rods. Keep items which you need quickly or frequently near access points or outside pockets.

I hope this information will be beneficial to all my fellow hiking friends. Remember, correct packing of your camping backpacks will provide many hours of enjoyable and comfortable hiking.